ENCIT2012-366 MODELING AND SIMULATION OF PROCESS CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM SOYBEAN OIL USING IMMOBILIZED CANDIDA ANTARCTICA IN FLUIDIZED BED BIOREACTOR - PDF
Andrea Lopes de Oliveira Ferreira, Giovanilton Ferreira Silva, IFBA, Brazil
Abstract: The objective this work was investigated a new route for biodiesel production using Immobilized Candida Antarctica in continuous Fluidized Bed Bioreactor. A variety of different types of reaction configurations can be employed in biodiesel synthesis, and may involve inorganic acid, inorganic base or enzymatic catalysis. Conventionally, Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) is produced by transesterification in which, oil or fat is reacted with a monohydric alcohol in presence of a catalyst. In the transesterification of vegetable oils, a triglyceride reacts with an alcohol in the presence of a strong acid or base, producing a mixture of fatty acids alkyl esters and glycerol. The overall process is a sequence of three consecutive and reversible reactions, in which monoglycerides are formed as intermediates. In recent years, the use of lipases as biocatalysts for biodiesel production has become of great interest due to its environment friendly. But some alcohols such as methanol inactivated the lipases to some extent and the enzymatic stability was poor. In order to enhance the stability of the lipase, three-step methanolysis was adopted, however, glycerol, as one of the products was easy to adsorb on the surface of lipase resulting in serious negative effect on the enzymatic activity. For to solve problems was used the interesterification kinetics of triglycerides and methyl acetate for biodiesel production was modeled. A heterogeneous model describing the interesterification process in an immobilized enzyme fluidized-bed bioreactor was developed. A simplified model based on Ping Pong Bi Bi with substrate competitive inhibition mechanism was proposed to describe the reaction kinetics of the interesterification.The model without any adjustable parameters was used to predict the interesterification process. The key parameters which measured the extent of external and internal mass-transport resistances, as well as the degree of back-mixing were quantified and discussed. The effects of some operating and design parameters on the performance of the fluidized-bed bioreactor were also analyzed. The fluidized-bed bioreactor considered in this investigation is composed of two phases: a fluid phase comprised mainly of the triglycerides and methyl acetate and the product (Biodiesel); and a solid phase which is the immobilized enzyme. The following assumptions are employed in the model: (1) the system is isothermal; (2) the movement of reactant within the biocatalyst can be described mathematically by Fick's law of diffusion where the effective diffusion coefficient is constant and independent of concentration; (3) the enzyme activity is uniform throughout the particle; (4) the fluid phase back-mixing can be quantified by an axial dispersion coefficient.
Keywords:Biodiesel; Lipase; Interesterification.
Presentation Schedule: Tuesday, 15:00-15:20. Session: ETS1-2. Presenter: Giovanilton Ferreira da Silva.
ENCIT2012-213 THE POSSIBILTY OF COPROCESSING MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE - MSW IN CLINKER KILNS TO CEMENT PRODUCTION - PDF
Josue de Almeida Meystre, Rogério José da Silva, FEI, Brazil
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to present an analysis of coprocessing in a cement production plant using Municipal Solid Waste - MSW as a secondary fuel and show the main advantages that burn into a incineration plant. The manufacture of Portland cement is a process that requires a large consumption of thermal and electrical energy and front of the immense worldwide energetic demand has increased its value every day. The typical operating cost involving this energy achieves 40\% of the final product and due to increasing world consumption justifies the efforts to reduce the costs associated with its production. The use of high efficiency equipment coupled with the replacement of fossil fuels and conventional raw material for alternative products has given good results. The method of disposal of MSW in landfills in large urban centers is being used less and less. The creation of environmental laws increasingly severe shortages of allied areas not disturbed and the high cost of construction and operation of landfills hinders its viability. Moreover, there is a problem related to the emissions of gaseous and liquid effluents that help raise the cost for its control and treatment. The MSW, when recovered and separated, can become recyclable products and as energy sources. After separation of the usable material (organic matter and recyclable), remaining MSW materials with sufficient calorific value can be used in kilns to produce clinker. Moreover, the ash resulting from combustion may be incorporated in the clinker decreasing the initial amount of raw material. The use of MSW as alternative fuel has shown to be feasible in the clinker kiln, but their use is still limited by their availability, since their segregation is rarely practiced. The substitution of alternative inputs introduce restrictions to the process which must be safely handled in order to ensure the minimum quality and productivity of cement production plants. The use of MSW must have a thorough characterization of your composition, because of directly influences in the final product.
Keywords:Municipal Solid Waste; Coprocessing; Clinker Kiln; Incineration.
Presentation Schedule: Thursday, 10:00-10:20. Session: ETS1-3. Presenter: Josue de Almeida Meystre.
ENCIT2012-394 ESTIMATING THE ENERGY CONTENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE FROM ITS PHYSICAL COMPOSITION: THE HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF PORTO ALEGRE'S HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE - PDF
Marina Seelig, Paulo Smith Schneider, UFRGS, Brazil
Abstract: Estimates of the energy content of Porto Alegre's household solid waste were made based on default heating and moisture content values and based on models developed on physical composition analysis. Default values led to an estimation of 41.92\% for moisture content, 9.98 MJ/kg for gross heating value (HHV), and 4.77 MJ/kg for net heating value (LHV). Such difference between HHV and LHV are due great portion of water content estimated for observed waste. Results from selected models showed higher heating values, but still close from the minimum level of 7 MJ/kg of net heating value required for incineration projects. Estimates suggest that further analysis on waste moisture content must be conducted.
Keywords:waste-to-energy; energy content; municipal solid waste; physical composition analysis.
Presentation Schedule: NO PRESENTATION.
ENCIT2012-072 HYDROGEN FROM MICROALGAE - PDF
Diego de Oliveira Corrêa, Beatriz Santos, André Bellin Mariano, José Viriato Coelho Vargas, UFPR, Brazil
Abstract: The growing demand for biofuels results in more investments in research and development for renewable energy sources. In this way, the hydrogen production by biological pathways proves to be a promising alternative in this area. This study describes the efforts to produce H2 from the cultivation of the microalgae Chlamydomonas chlorastera through the measurement in the laboratory of the growth curves of cultures to be used in the near future for the development of mathematical models aiming at the modeling, simulation and optimization of the entire industrial scale process of producing hydrogen from microalgae.
Keywords:biofuels; photobioreactors; green energy.
Presentation Schedule: Tuesday, 16:00-16:20. Session: ETS1-2. Presenter: Diego de Oliveira Corrêa.
ENCIT2012-341 DETERMINATION OF HYGROSCOPIC EQUILIBRIUM AND THE ISOSTERIC HEAT OF BAGASSE OF SUGAR CANE - PDF
Luciana Pinto Teixeira, Ednilton Tavares de Andrade, Jéssica Zimmermann Espíndola, Roberto Guimarães Pereira, UFF, Brazil
Abstract: In order to analyze the dynamics of sorption and vaporization latent heat of the bagasse of sugar cane, the present study objectived determine of hygroscopic equilibrium and the isosteric heat, from different controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity, and assess, among various models described in the literature, which best represents the sorption isotherm. This result was verified that the model that best fitted the empirical data of sorption of bagasse of sugar cane was the Modified Henderson model, with coeficient of determination of the 0.972, while the integral isosteric heat of desorption ranged from 2524.09 to 2951.95 kJ kg-1.
Keywords:bagasse of sugar cane; hygroscopic equilibrium; isosteric heat.
Presentation Schedule: Thursday, 09:00-09:20. Session: ETS1-3. Presenter: Roberto Guimarães Pereira.
ENCIT2012-074 DIMENSIONLESS DYNAMIC MODEL FOR THE SIMULATION OF MICROALGAE BIOMASS PRODUCTION IN COMPACT PHOTOBIOREACTORS - PDF
Emerson Dilay, André Bellin Mariano, UFPR, Brazil
Juan Carlos Ordonez, Florida State University, United States
José Viriato Coelho Vargas, UFPR, Brazil
Abstract: Photobioreactors simulation is currently the subject of scientific research in many countries due to interest in biofuel production. One challenge in the assessment of photobioreactors behavior is the lack of information about algae growth properties. In this paper, a dimensionless mathematical model is introduced for assessing the transient microalgae growth, O2, CO2 concentrations and temperature as function of light intensity. An equation to calculate the growth rate independently of algae specie is introduced. Photobioreactor geometry is considered as well. The equipment was discretized in space by the volume element method, VEM. Balances of energy and species together with thermodynamics, heat transfer and chemistry empirical and theoretical correlations are applied to each volume element. The resulting system of ordinary differential equations with respect to time is capable of delivering temperatures and concentrations as functions of space and time, even with a coarse mesh. The numerical results are capable of predicting the transient and steady state photobioreactor biomass production with low computational time. The results are dimensionless and they represents the behavior of any equipment build with functional and physical characteristics similar to the system analyzed by the model. As a result, the model is expected to be a useful tool for simulation, design, and optimization of photobioreactors.
Keywords:Numerical simulation; Microalgae; Photobioreactor; Volume Element Method.
Presentation Schedule: Monday, 16:00-16:20. Session: ETS1-1. Presenter: José Viriato Coelho Vargas.
ENCIT2012-088 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF A SPARK IGNITED ENGINE RUNNING ON ETHANOL AT DIFFERENT PERCENTAGES OF HYDRATION - PDF
Thompson Diordinis Metzka Lanzanova, UFRGS, Brazil
Mario Eduardo Santos Martins, UFSM, Brazil
Horácio Antonio Vielmo, UFRGS, Brazil
Paulo Romeu Moreira Machado, Rafael Lago Sari, UFSM, Brazil
Abstract: Ethanol from sugarcane is an environmental friendly fuel since on it's life cycle the carbon dioxide produced in production and burn is absorbed by the plants during photosynthesis proccess. Broader flammability limits, higher knock resistance and higher heat of vaporization, when compared to gasoline, are some characteristics to be explored in the use on internal combustion engines aiming at achieving higher efficiency. Recent researches show that is possible to run engines with high water-in-ethanol content and achieve higher efficiency levels than onventional spark-ignited engines. Studies also show that energy consumption increases exponentially to acquire ethanol-in-water levels above 70\%. The water addition to ethanol, however, reduces the laminar flame velocity and gas emperature. In this scenario, this paper proposes sensitivity analysis via 1-D computer simulation of indicated performance parameters of a 0,668-L spark-ignited engine running on ethanol at different percentages of hydration. Water-in-ethanol content was varied from 0\% to 40\% for several values of different combustion durations. The performance results, indicated parameters, volumetric and thermal efficiencies, knock possibility and related quantities are compared. It is found that with water addition volumetric and thermal efficiency can be well improved.
Keywords:hydrous ethanol; internal combustion engine; ethanol-in-water.
Presentation Schedule: Monday, 15:20-15:40. Session: ETS1-1. Presenter: Thompson Diordinis Metzka Lanzanova.
ENCIT2012-168 EFFECTS OF TORREFACTION ON BIOMASS: A THERMAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVALUATION - PDF
Glauber Cruz, USP, Brazil
Ivonete Ávila, UNESP, Brazil
Antônio Moreira dos Santos, USP, Brazil
Paula Manoel Crnkovic, UNESP, Brazil
Abstract: In this study the thermal degradation behavior of biomasses was investigated. The effects of the air and nitrogen atmospheres and the particule size were also evaluated.The biomasses studied were pine sawdust and coffee husks in both "in natura" and torrefeid forms. Techniques such as thermal analysis - Thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and Differential Thermogravimetry (DTA) - and morphological (Scanning Electronic Microscopic - SEM) were applied. Experiments were performed under non-isothermal conditions for the combustion (synthetic air) and pyrolysis (nitrogen). From TG/DTG and DTA curves, different steps were identified and correlated with hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content in the biomass in both forms. From morphological structures it was observed that the torrefaction process and particles size affects the biomass structure, mainly regarding to the shape of the porous. Pine sawdust in nature presented tubular, piths and lamellas structures, while coffee husks presents porous and fragmented structures. After torrefaction, samples presented expanded structure with larger pores, depending on the particle size. Concerning to the entalpic events, DTA curves for air condiction showed that for both samples in both "in natura" and torrefied forms presented two exotermic peaks related to hemicellulose/ cellulose and liginin. However, pine sawdust the two peaks are intense, but for coffee husks the second peak is almost five times higher than the first one. All biomasses studied in this work showed basic characteristcs to be use as biofuels, mainly coffee husks torrefied by having high carbon e low oxygen contents.
Keywords:thermal degradation; milling; atmospheres; granulometries.
Presentation Schedule: Tuesday, 15:40-16:00. Session: ETS1-2. Presenter: Ivonete Ávila.
ENCIT2012-308 POLYGENERATION SYSTEM IN THE SUGAR AND ALCOHOL INDUSTRY - PDF
Gustavo Ferreira Souza, José Carlos Escobar Palacio, Dimas José Rúa Orozco, FEI, Brazil
Oscar Almazán Del Omo, Instituto Cubano dos Derivados da Cana-de-Açúcar, Cuba
Electo Eduardo Silva Lora, FEI, Brazil
Abstract: The conventional installations of sugar mills and annexed or autonomous distilleries are engineered including an installation to generate the thermal and electric energy demanded by the processes. It's common that the surplus electric energy be sold to the grid improving, in this way, the economic balance of the factories. However, sugar mills and distilleries have wastes that must display their potential through wise ways of use, considering the ecological concerns and the enforcement laws, aside from economic opportunity. Bagasse as the fibrous residue of the sugarcane milling, constitute not only a "green" fuel, but also the raw material for the production of more ethanol by the Second Generation processes. Also, the production of bioethanol in annexed or autonomous distilleries generates a waste - the vinasse - of a very high pollutant potential. The present paper deals with the study of an industrial arrangement that allows to combine the cane sugar, ethanol and protein rich concentrate production at a low environment impact, with improved energy efficiency, making available the full production potential of co-products and wastes, like bagasse from sugarcane milling and vinasse from bioethanol production, to obtain cane sugar, surplus electricity, bioethanol by first and second generation processes and a very demanded fodder protein concentrate. Two Scenarios, as Cases, are analyzed. A set of indicators are used to compare the alternatives: (i) Global efficiency as the rate of sum of products energy / sugarcane energy (\%) (ii) Energy productivity / ha (GJ/ha) (iii) Increased land availability by substituting grass for vinasse-yeast in animal feeding (ha)
Keywords:poly-generation; bioethanol; animal feed.
Presentation Schedule: Thursday, 09:40-10:00. Session: ETS1-3. Presenter: Gustavo Ferreira de Souza.
ENCIT2012-052 HYBRID BIOFUEL: BIOMASS IMPREGNATED WITH LIQUID BIOFUEL - PDF
Marco Aurélio da Cunha Alves, Leomar Marques, UFJF, Brazil
Abstract: This paper proposes a hybrid biofuel obtained from impregnation of biomass with liquid biofuels, specifically the impregnation of virgin's timber, grain of high energy capacity, agricultural waste, food leftovers and waste from industrial production with biofuels such as glycerin or oil waste from the processes of food preparation in commercial and domestic kitchens. The hybrid biofuel allows the combustion of liquid biofuel in equipment specifically prepared for biomass combustion - which is simple equipment - without the need of complex fuel system. Possible methods of impregnation of biomass by the liquid biofuel are discussed and some applications of hybrid biofuel are presented.
Keywords:Biomass; biofuel; energy generation; hybrid biofuel; biomass impregnation; residual oil; glycerin.
Presentation Schedule: Tuesday, 14:20-14:40. Session: ETS1-2. Presenter: Marco Aurelio da Cunha Alves.
ENCIT2012-055 EXERGETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS OF A CLINKER PRODUCTION SYSTEM APPLYING ALTERNATIVE FUELS - PDF
Maria Luiza Grillo Renó, Felipe Martins Torres, Mariana Natale Belato, Rogério José da Silva, Mirian de Lourdes Noronha Motta Melo, FEI, Brazil
Abstract: The finite nature of global fossil fuel resources, high prices and most importantly, their damaging effect on the environment underscore the need to develop alternative for industrial systems include the cement production process. This industry is an energy intensive industry and emits high quantity of carbon dioxide, so the use of the alternative fuels in cement production can extend fossil fuel supplies and help resolve air pollution problems associated with the use of conventional fuels. This paper proposed to analyze two Case Studies, one operating with fossil fuel combustion for producing clinker and other operating with a mixture of alternative fuel and fossil fuel. The study foucused analysing energy and environmental performance of both Case Studies, apointing the advantages of use of alternative fuels.
Keywords:clinker; alternative fuel; exergy analysis; environmental analysis.
Presentation Schedule: Thursday, 09:20-09:40. Session: ETS1-3. Presenter: Maria Luiza Grillo Renó.
ENCIT2012-097 MODELING AND SIMULATION OF THE SAPONIFICATION PROCESS OF MICROALGAL BIOMASS FOR FATTY ACIDS PRODUCTION - PDF
Marisa Daniele Scherer, Luiza Schroeder, Wellington Balmant, Nelson Selesu, André Bellin Mariano, José Viriato Coelho Vargas, UFPR, Brazil
Abstract: Different studies show that the use of microalgae as a source of oil has a high efficiency, making it an excellent alternative with respect to the production of biofuel. However, the extraction of fatty materials is a topic not yet consolidated, because the processes commonly used are expensive, making it difficult to achieve a sustainable production of biodiesel. This paper proposes the modeling of extraction of fatty acids by saponification of wet biomass of microalgae, showing the influence of the reactants in the process. Based on the modeling, it is found that chemical processes with microalgae can be performed without requiring a drying step for the extraction of oil. For that, triglyceride saponification was carried out with an alcoholic solution of NaOH in ethanol, varying concentrations of NaOH in a Fortran program. The numerical simulations show that the production of fatty acids with the process is highly effective, indicating that the methodology has potential to be scaled up for industrial microalgae biomass oil extraction.
Keywords:fatty acid; hydrolysis; biodiesel.
Presentation Schedule: Tuesday, 15:20-15:40. Session: ETS1-2. Presenter: Marisa Daniele Scherer.
ENCIT2012-138 RECOVERY OF MICROALGAE BIOMASS CULTIVATED IN PHOTOBIOREACTORS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION - PDF
Jacqueline de Souza Lemos, Keli Cristiane Correia Morais, André Bellin Mariano, José Viriato Coelho Vargas, UFPR, Brazil
Abstract: In recent years, the interest in using microalgae lipids as a feedstock for biodiesel production has increased due, for example, to the fact that algae have relatively simple nutritional requirements, its production generates no competition with food production and the culture shows no seasonal variation. Amongst the stages that involve the production of microalgae, recovery of the biomass of the medium due to the reduced size of the microalgae, can become laborious and even costly, depending on the desired efficiency and volume involved. Despite the fact that biomass recovery by flocculation can be a viable procedure, depending on the flocculant and the amount added to the culture, they may damage the cells causing the loss of cellular substances of interest, such as lipids. In order to evaluate the efficiency of biomass recovery by flocculation, experiments were performed with the microalgae Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in photobioreactors using three different flocculation methods: a)FeCl3, b) NaOH and c) centrifugation. The results were evaluated according to the presence of residual cells in the culture medium and quantities of lipids present in the biomass recovered. The flocculation process with FeCl 3 (0.2 mM) showed an efficiency of 96.79\% recovery of cells from the medium, whereas the process of flocculation with NaOH (8 mM) 93.50\% and centrifugation (7000 rpm / 15 min) 91.71\% of the cells. Using the lipid content in the sample centrifuged as standard, the flocculation process with NaOH yielded a loss from 18 to 39\% of the total lipids. The method of flocculation with FeCl 3 presented a loss of 2.70\% lipids. Thus, the greater recovery of biomass and lower loss of lipid was obtained with flocculation with FeCl3 methodology among the methods used in this study.
Keywords:biodiesel; microalgae; flocculation; lipids; Scenedesmus sp..
Presentation Schedule: Tuesday, 14:40-15:00. Session: ETS1-2. Presenter: Keli Cristiane Correia Morais.
ENCIT2012-387 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE IGNITION DELAY AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS OF DIFFERENT DIESEL AND BIODIESEL BLENDS ON A VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATE ENGINE - PDF
Vinicius M. Olivares, Nauberto R. Pinto, Marcelo José Colaço, Albino José Kalab Leiroz, Nisio de Carvalho Lobo Brum, UFRJ, Brazil
Abstract: It is well known that vehicular emissions are the main agents contributing to the urban polution in the major cities around the world. It is also known that trucks and buses fleets, mainly based on Diesel engines, have been growing in recent years. Thus, there is a need to investigate ways to reduce the emissions of such engines, in order to minimize the damages to the environment. The use of biofuels, as a renewable energy source, has been investigated and is a reality in many countries as a way to promote a decrease in such emission levels. The objective of this work is to investigate different blends of biodiesel and diesel fuels in a variable compression rate engine, in order to verify the emissions levels, as well as the ignition delay, both as a function of the compression ratio and the time of injection.
Keywords:Internal combustion engines; Biodiesel; Emissions; ASTM/CFR.
Presentation Schedule: Thursday, 16:00-16:20. Session: HMT1-3. Presenter: Vinicius Olivares.
ENCIT2012-204 DETAILED ONE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE GASIFICATION PROCESS IN BUBBLING FLUIDIZED BEDS - PDF
Andrés Bernardo Villamil Castellanos, Jean Monteiro de Pinho, Albino José Kalab Leiroz, Manuel Ernani Cruz, UFRJ, Brazil
Abstract: Computational simulations of sugarcane bagasse gasification are conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of the process to the change of selected gasification parameters. A commercial code is used to obtain results for an atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed gasifier. The code is based on phenomenological models and considers the process one-dimensional. Axial profiles of concentration and temperature in the reactor, obtained for different values of the air/fuel ratio, are presented and analyzed. The simulation results follow the trends observed in real processes of biomass gasification in bubbling fluidized beds.
Keywords:Gasification; biomass; sugarcane bagasse; fluidized bed; simulation; CeSFaMB.
Presentation Schedule: Monday, 15:40-16:00. Session: ETS1-1. Presenter: Jean Monteiro de Pinho.